Online Gaming And Its Impact On Social Psychology

Through the formation and participation of major professional online game competitions to more leisure forms of gaming entertainment such as popular YouTube channels, online gaming is continually growing from a form of hobby and quickly becoming a mainstream form of lifestyle. The idea of friendships initiating solely online, and growing into complex relationships that readily provide and accept social support, has become a vibrant social experience. Video game genres such as MMO’s (Massively Multiplayer Online), which could be subcategorized into genre’s such as MMORPGs (MMO Role Playing Games) or MOBAs (Massive Online Battle Areas), aggressively inspire interaction and communication between gamers. Popular MMORPG’s such as World of Warcraft offer involving storytelling and large scale boss fights that require large amounts of teamwork and cooperation to succeed. These features strongly motivate communication and collaboration, which in turn possibly begin the development of acquaintanceship between players. The aspects of online relationships have only just begun to develop as a field of study in social psychology. More extreme aspects of online interaction and conduct have been studied in the past. Topics range from cyber bullying (Thacker, 2012), to online romances (Huyhn, 2013), even sexual and gender identity (Martey, 2014). The topic suggested here is more concentrated on social and emotional support, more precisely: Does the anonymity of being online allow peopleShow MoreRelatedExploring The Potential For Addiction1543 Words   |  7 PagesOn-line gaming has grown a great deal in the last decade, connecting players in countries around the world. World of Warcraft is perhaps the best-known massively multiplayer online roleplaying game (MMORPG). These games are incredibly immersive and generally have no real ending, with players able to continue the game indefinitely via expansions and new content being added. A pilot study by Hussain and Griffiths (2009) set out to explore the potential for addiction to an MMORPG, within its psychologicalRead MoreVirtual Reality and the Gaming Industry1363 Words   |  6 PagesVII. Impact on individuals Teenagers Virtual reality gives huge benefits in education and helps to improve student engagement. It’s one of the best ways to engage and helps the students to understand the subject through virtual reality system. Especially in the virtual reality game will bring significant impact to teenagers. The major three types of impact are social difficulty (socially impaired), physical and psychological difficulty. Even virtual reality is a great tool to learn, but it isRead MoreThe Effects Of Video Games On Our Lives1355 Words   |  6 PagesAlthough relaxing fun and addicting, do they damage the brain, affect your temper, or even damage your nerves effecting your ability to see or exercise? Many people have differing opinions on this subject. I personally think that video games can greatly impact your lives in a positive manner, but they can also destroy your lives. Videogames altering your intelligence making you less sophisticated, or time consuming making people over weight? The advant age of playing video games can be proven in its abilityRead MoreThe Effects Of Playing Video Games On Adolescents1554 Words   |  7 Pagesadolescence might only have negative impacts on adolescents. Playing video games is considered one of the top obstacles to academic performance and maintaining attention spans. Although these facts are partially true, there are positive effects of playing video games in some ways such as entertainment, development of social interaction and movement skills. This essay will cover the positive and negative effects of playing video games on adolescents’ physical, psychological/social aspects. In these divisionsRead MoreAre Video Games Changing Us?1388 Words   |  6 Pagesvideo games were intentionally created for entertainment purposes, through studies and experiments it has been established that they are factors of behavior problems because of the active interaction people demonstrate while playing video games. Gaming supporters have made claims about the benefits of video games. It has been said that video games are used for therapeutic and educational purposes (Nakaya). It has been suggested that video games require discipline, problem solving and decision makingRead MoreNegative Impact Of Video Games On Children1278 Words   |  6 PagesNegative Impact Of Video Games When you look around these days, kids as young as five years old are holding their portable devices as their eyes are glued to their screens and their minds clueless about their surroundings. Increasing violence and contents of the video games have a huge impact on our generation of young children mentally and physically. When I was growing up, video games used to be a source connecting people around the world with their mutual love of fun filled games. However, overRead Moreeffects of technology on children1279 Words   |  6 Pagesgrowing epidemic of childhood obesity. Children no longer go out and entertain themselves with physical activities, like riding bicycles, playing outdoors with friends and sports. They are now leading more sedentary lives watching television, playing gaming systems, texting on phones or socializing on the internet. In fact, â€Å"the reported screen time varied greatly by age, however, ranging from 2 to 3 hours per day for ages 2 to 7, to nearly 6 ho urs per day for ages 8 to 13†. (Subrahmanyam, Kraut, GreenfieldRead MoreThe Effects Of Gambling Addiction On The Age1399 Words   |  6 Pagesis an addiction rooted in the brain, just like a drug or alcohol addiction. As this generation has been brought up with the new and upcoming technology, many young people have started some form of gambling. Whether it is betting on a sports game, online shopping or even buying a scratchy ticket, they have gambled money away. This leads us to the biggest question. How can we minimize this? Intervention aims Like an alcohol or drug addiction, pathological gambling is a long-term disorder that tendsRead MoreIs video gaming a force for psychological good or psychological harm?1000 Words   |  4 PagesIs video gaming a force for psychological good or psychological harm? Is video gaming a force for psychological good or for psychological harm? This is one of the issues discussed in the last thirty years. A lot of people, especially parents, would say gaming is harmful on a child’s psychology. Those people would say that video games make children aggressive; they are frustrating and highly addictive. The concerns are not only about children, they go for teenagers and young adults as well. SomethingRead MoreEffects of Video Games on Teenage Life1442 Words   |  6 Pagesviolent video games leads to violent or aggressive behavior in youth. There is a lot of conflicting evidence about the relationship between video games and teenage behavior. However, the general consensus seems to be that video games can have a negative impact on teenage behavior and mental health. Playing video games is linked to depression, anxiety, antisocial behavior, and aggression among teenagers. One of the richest areas of research is in the realm of the relationship between playing violent video

Essay about John Searles Chinese Room Argument - 2000 Words

John Searles Chinese Room Argument The purpose of this paper is to present John Searle’s Chinese room argument in which it challenges the notions of the computational paradigm, specifically the ability of intentionality. Then I will outline two of the commentaries following, the first by Bruce Bridgeman, which is in opposition to Searle and uses the super robot to exemplify his point. Then I will discuss John Eccles’ response, which entails a general agreement with Searle with a few objections to definitions and comparisons. My own argument will take a minimalist computational approach delineating understanding and its importance to the concepts of the computational paradigm. Searles argument delineates what he believes to be†¦show more content†¦Understanding the notion of the Chinese room requires a bit of an explanation. Imagine you are solely an English speaking person in a room by yourself, armed with a pencil, and the only things on the walls are a series of instructions and rules. Th ere is a door in the room, and on the other side is a Chinese speaking person. This Chinese speaker is able to slide cards under the door upon which are written Chinese symbols and sentences. The instructions written on the walls allow you to respond appropriately to each symbol, well enough so that the Chinese speaker is fooled into thinking you have a formidable grasp of Chinese. Now imagine that instead of a Chinese speaker outside the room, there is an English speaker, and the same things are written. You would still respond appropriately, convincing the other that you are a native English speaker, which of course, you are. Searle feels that the two positions are unique in that, in the first instance, you are manipulating uninterpreted formal symbols, simply an instantiation of a computer program. In the second instance, you actually understand the English being given to you. In response to the first claim of the computationalists, Searle states, although you respond appr opriately, in no way do you understand the Chinese that you are being given and responding with. As far as the second condition, he counterclaims that the computer is simply functioning and thereShow MoreRelatedMinds, Brains, and Science by John R. Searle1815 Words   |  7 Pagesexplored by John R. Searle, in his book titled, Minds, Brains, and Science. The author is a renowned American philosopher, particularly in the philosophy of language and mind, and is currently teaching at the University of California, in Berkeley (â€Å"John R. Searle,† 2014). Searle earned his Ph.D. in philosophy at Oxford, and has made several contributions to his field on topics, such as consciousness, artificial intelligence, and the problem of free will (â€Å"John R. Searle,† 2014). His â€Å"Chinese Room† experimentRead MoreChinese Room Scenario by John R. Searle Essay531 Words   |  3 PagesChinese Room Scenario by John R. Searle Through the use of his famous Chinese room scenario, John R. Searle tries to prove there is no way artificial intelligence can exist. This means that machines do not posses minds. The debate between those who are in favor of strong and weak artificial intelligence (AI) is directly related to the philosophy of mind. The claim of weak AI is that it is possible to run a program on a machine, which will behave as if it were a thinking thing. BelieversRead MoreComputing Machinery And Intelligence By Alan Turing1469 Words   |  6 Pagescaptures the nature of machines’ capacity for thought or consciousness, such as John Searle. In his Chinese room thought experiment, Searle outlines a scenario that implies machines’ apparent replication of human cognition does not yield conscious understanding. While Searle’s Chinese thought experiment demonstrates how a Turing test is not sufficient to establish that a machine can possess consciousness or thought, this argument does not prove that machines are absolutely incapable of consciousness orRead MoreThe Chinese Room Argument1272 Words   |  6 PagesWhile proponents of strong AI believe that machine s are capable of imitating human consciousness so well that it might be perceived as actually obtaining consciousness, others such as John Searle believe otherwise. Another logical stance on the question is accepting that machines are able to behave as though it has a conscious mind physically, but also arguing that machines will never be able to possess this consciousness as though a human would. This second type of viewpoint is considered Weak ArtificialRead MoreEssay on Artificial Intelligence1561 Words   |  7 Pagesuncertain. After all, what does it mean to think? On the other hand, that is not a very satisfying answer. However, with his paper: Minds, brains and programs published in 1980, John Searle has had a huge impact on the artificial intelligence issue worldwide. This essay will focus on Searles idea that computers are incapable of being conscious, and then analyse whether Searle is right in terms of his three main efforts: a critique of computationalism and strong ArtificialRead MoreQuestions On The Chinese Room1839 Words   |  8 PagesBrains, and Programs John Searle objects to Computational Theory of Mind (CTM), particularly that running a program on a computer and manipulating symbols does not mean that the computer has understanding, or more generally a mind. In this paper I will first explain Searle’s Chinese Room, then I will explain CTM and how it relates to the Chinese Room. Following this I will describe how the Chinese Room attacks the CTM. Next I will explain the Systems Reply to the Chinese Room and how the SystemsRead MoreAnalytic Functionalism As A Philosophy Of The Mind1247 Words   |  5 Pagesways to describe and characterize the mind. I will contend my point by first explaining the evolution into functionalism, specifically analytic functionalism. I will then explain one of the most prominent objections, the â€Å"Chinese Room† argument by John Searle. Beyond this argument , I will offer my rebuttals for these assertions and stipulate reasoning for analytical functionalism’s rational reliability as a suitable philosophy of the mind. With the decline of behaviorism, the identity theory, or typeRead MoreArtificial Intelligence. Essay1959 Words   |  8 Pagesdebate, with one camp of people including John R. Searle emphatically denying the plausibility of Artificial Intelligence. On the other side of the debate, individuals such as Paul and Patricia Churchland have declared that although a serial machine with a program might not be able to think, Artificial Intelligence might be feasible in parallel processing computers. In â€Å" Is the Brain’s Mind a Computer Program, â€Å" John R. Searle presents an interesting argument against strong artificial intelligence proponentsRead MoreSummary Of Minds, Brains And Programs 1763 Words   |  8 PagesIn â€Å"Minds, Brains And Programs.† John Searle responds to the question, â€Å"Could a machine think?† by stating that only a â€Å"machine could think† we as human produce thinking, therefore we are indeed thinking machines. However, he re jects the idea of digital computers having the ability to produce any thinking or intelligence. In this paper, I will summarize and analyze Searle’s claims with supporting examples from his famous ‘Chinese Room Argument’ relating it to Alan Turing’s example of artificial intelligenceRead MoreComputers Can Not Have Minds1490 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Turing Machine in order to prove, through the use of an imitation game, that computers can think. John Searle argued that the Turing Test is simply just imitating, rather than thinking. Based on Searle’s argument against the Turing Test, I think that computers cannot have minds. Although Turing argues that computers can think, there are many arguments, such as Searle’s Chinese room argument, and defenses that I will present that support Searle and his belief that computers do not understand the

Drama Evaluation Free Essays

I think, although there were still a few mistakes, that my groups’ (made up of; Liegha, Charlotte, Max, Robert, Katie, Claire and myself) performance went quite well. Rehersals at the beginning of this term were horrible, with group arguing and not listening to eachother, but after a few weeks we began to pick it up with better communicational skills and having different people in charge (director) really helped with decision making and getting everyone to listen to different ideas.MY personal rehersals worked really well, I managed to learn most of my lines within a few weeks, which gave me more time to practise my staging positions and interaction with the other characters on stage, although I don’t feel this showed in my perfomance. We will write a custom essay sample on Drama Evaluation or any similar topic only for you Order Now My weakest scene would have been the ‘Lancelot and Guineverre’ scene, where Max and I were lead characters. I think due to the fact that all eyes were on us, as we were very close together, gave me slight ‘stage-frieght’ as my movement was quite stiff, unlike in rehersals.I forgot most of the stage directions we, as a group, decided to use, to make the scene more ‘slap-stick comemdy’ for the year 6’s. Although I feel my vocal skills were my strongest skills for the scene; I sounded more like a queen/princess then a normal teenager, I articulated so that audience members could understand me, and I think I projected my voice quite loudly. Our ‘Booties’ scene came over quite effectively, with everyone looking realistly hypnotized.Katie, our Leader, came off really strong and wise and Claire, our McConnamal, came off really well in the fact that she was trying to trick poor Liegha, Someone, into handing over all her money. All t he Booties remember their lines, on time, so we were close to ‘in sync’ with eachover, which made the hypnotizism even more believeable. I think since the performance we have improved this scene, in the fact that we’ve got alot of energy for our new song ‘Money, Money, Money’ which could engage the audience with them swaying and enjoying the music.All in all, I think that our performance went great, not perfect, but really, really well. As a group I feel we communicated well, engaged the audience in a few scenes, and mangaged to make as few mistakes as posseible. As an indivual actor, I feel I can make alot of improvements to my serperate parts and to the whole group together, and to be honest it was alot of fun. CaraMay x How to cite Drama Evaluation, Papers

Crisis and Disaster Management Build Back Better

Question: Discuss about the case study Crisis and Disaster Management for Build Back Better. Answer: Introduction to BBB The Build Back Better policy is one of the most important as well as useful aspect for an organization in order to improve their business and profits. The motto of Build Back Better was accepted more officially when the BBB guidelines were created in the year of 2006 by Clinton. The guidelines were created after the mishap of South Asian tsunami in the year of 2004 occurred. The main purpose of this policy or strategy is to secure the organization from threats such as the environment, production and many others. Clinton used the Key Propositions for BBB as the primary authorized document over the subject. In context of reconstruction as well as recovery, the concept of BBB is the accepted standard for conducting the procedure. Some of the examples are mentioned below to make it clear that how integral the BBB policy is: United Nations Disaster Relief Organization(UNDRO) has a guideline of Principles for Settlement and Shelter. Reconstruction strategy, as well as Post Tsunami Recovery measures undertaken by the government of Sri Lanka, is an example of implementations of Build Back Better. To rebuild the future planet, free from problems that current generations suffer from, Federal Emergency Management Agencys operational framework can be used. Mondays Holistic Recovery Framework is an ideal framework providing implementation and strategic details of Build Back Better policy. Recovery and Reconstruction Framework of Victorian Bushfire Recovery and Reconstruction Authority provide specific details on real time integration of BBB strategies. Christchurch Earthquake Recovery Authoritys Response and Repair strategies are direct measures that embark on the strategy of BBB. The concept of creating the better framework for BBB policy, we evaluate and discuss the situation thorough case studies of multinational dimensions. Figure 2 illustrates the concept of BBB. The central concepts mentioned in the BBB framework, are of the recovery of the community, risk management, and reduction, after the occurrence of a major disaster. One important aspect of Build Back Better policy is focuses on proper implantation of the strategy. As figure 1 show, the restoration of the community is further subdivided into social and economic recoverable strategies. Community support and involvement are the primary focus for Social recovery which is illustrated as on Table 1. The act of Encouragement, education, and engagement of communities are the primary equipment and tools proposed to help communities to deal with overcoming the trauma of environmental disasters. Greater Christchurch Earthquake(2010-2011) In 2010 and 2011, two major earthquakes struck Christchurch. The first referred to as The Darfield Quake, struck the suburb of Darfield with a magnitude of 7.1 on the Richter scale. The earthquake occurred on the 4th September, 2010 with a considerable aftershock of magnitude 6.3 again on the 22nd of February the same year. The reports of Liquefaction became more extensive in the eastern parts of the city. The reports intensified after the occurrence of the second earthquake, which had affected huge parts of residential areas (Scott 2003). The estimated losses were in the range of 40 billion New Zealand Dollars which is approximately around 19 percent of New Zealands total GDP. Almost three fourth of all households in the area were destroyed beyond recognition. The major infrastructural buildings like healthcare, financial, educational, and historical buildings also bore the full brunt of the impact of the quake. In the central business district, nearly forty-seven percent of the bui ldings were declared unsafe and unfit. Nearly 627 buildings were earmarked for Demolition and finally destroyed. The authorities estimated the repairing and refurbishment costs of residences to be around NZ $13 billion. The disintegration of the Canterbury TV building and Pyne Gould Corp. building raised the death toll by 115 and 18 persons respectively. 28 people were reported to be killed in the central city alone. Eight people in a public bus were killed. The total death toll rose to 128 persons with several persons missing. The district of Waimakariri, in Christchurch, along with eastern suburb of the city, was in ruins after the Earthquakes. The eventual aftershocks caused the effects of liquefaction to be intensified. Liquefaction spread laterally in the adjoining areas. Nearly twelve hundred houses in Pines Beach were badly damaged. The authorities had earmarked almost 1048 houses for demolition. Some areas were permanently marked to be unsafe for rebuilding (Koh 2012). The earthquake had disrupted the normal flow of life. The damaged infrastructural facilities of the town took the entire systems down and prevented quick response from authorities. Many small and large business houses suffered huge losses to their businesses as there was shortage of raw materials. The infrastructure of the town including a total of 16 km of roads, 16 bridge approaches, and two walkway footbridges were badly damaged beyond repair. The damaged roads prevented goods trucks from plying on the roads and the retail chain su ffered. The potable water supply systems of Waimakariri was gravely disturbed and damaged. The damage amounted to a loss of 12 km of mainline water supply, ten kilometers of storm water drainage and three major water pumping stations (Twort, Ratnayaka and Brandt 2006). The damage also included 18 km of sewage gravity separators, and a total of 15 sewer pipe systems (Control monitoring range launched for use with pumping stations 2003). The creation of the regulatory body CERA was a result of the vastness in the scale of the disaster. CERA was ultimately given the task of managing Recovery and repairing activities in the Greater Christchurch areas. CERA was tasked with reporting to the Central New Zealand Government (Singh 2008). By the time of 31st March 2016, The Earthquake Commission had repaired 67,468 residential house repairs. The community buildings and historic architectures were greatly affected by the aftershocks. Brick and mortar masonry buildings suffered chimney collapses while residences with timber wood frames stayed upright. The falling of rocks and ground liquefaction resulted in limited land use over potentially dangerous lands in the greater Christchurch areas. Rebuild Framework The BBB framework dedicates its efforts to regenerate the economy of the disaster affected communities (Jones 2005). They do this by providing business support, commercial support to rebuild the local economy of the affected regions (Momani, 2011). The recovery principles regarding the Christchurch earthquake The Christchurch Earthquake Recovery principles contain the fact of guidance for the recovery of Canterbury. The strategic partners and community were developed in consultation to recover from the problems (Wilson 2004). It also provides the direction, confidence, and coordination in the case of the recovery effort (Tracy 2014). The Recovery Strategy has provided the government and the stakeholders with credible blue prints where the development plan is integrate the natural environment, economic recovery, cultural recovery. The Recovery Strategy has integrated the leadership and quality deliverance of the projects in a time bound manner (Phillips and Freeman 2010). The CERA Recovery Strategy aims to restore Christchurch to its former glory. The framework by CERA is very crucial for providing the future generations with an ideal disaster proof foundation. It places the prime focus on community recovery. It diverts its attentions to identify the company risks, environmental hazards, l and zoning and lastly housing problems (Mortensen 1998). The recovery report can be divided into three components by CERA. The first stage comprises repair and formulation of the entire action plan. To rebuild, replace as well as reconstruct the affected sites, a short-term phase is required. The actual repairing and remodeling is done at this phase. Medium and long term phases are involved in improvement, restoration and refurbishment activities. While developing a system to protect the city from the environment, it is very crucial to concerned with the idea of integrating infrastructure (Memarzadeh and Pozzi 2015). The housing infrastructure must be cost efficient and accessible to general public. The housing societies must have a well connected network of transport systems (Trans-European Transport network 2005).The housing plans also include blast resistant underground shelters. The resilient land zones which are certified to be stable, incorporates an urban design. The Recovery Strategy aims to prioritize investment on infrastructure for supporting Greater Christchurch (Infrastructure 2004). Research Methodology The Christchurch case was covered by a newspaper, which was reported to be critically affected by the earthquakes in the year of 2010 and 2011 (Branley and Lloyd 2005). The recovery and redevelopment process is still going on. So the role of BBB may be instrumental in reduction of risk of the future generations. The Build Back Better strategy can be used as an initiative in other countries, in the event of a disaster. A design of mix method can be used to substantiate our research findings. The method of mix can be carried out for conducting the key official interviews from the Christchurch case study. The interviews with Earth Recovery Authority and the city councils were conclusive and were justifiable in accordance with the related literature. The direct involvement of the interviewee in the post disaster crisis is crucial for the interview subject. It helps the researcher to understand the ground realities and plan the recovery process efficiently and effectively. It took one hour to complete each semi-structured process of interview. So minute attention was devoted to plan and improvise intricate details of the whole process. The data for the conducted interviews are provided below. Table 1: Case study data collection Research trip Interviewee Description Research trip 1 April 2014May 2014 P1 Visits and Relations Advisor, CERA P2 Structural Engineer, CERA P3 Manager, Utilities and Roading, Waimakariri District Council P4 Recovery Manager, Waimakariri District Council Research trip August 2015 P5 General Manager, Constructions, CERA P6 Chief Advisor, Insurance, CERA P7 General Manager, Community Resilience, CERA P8 Former Recovery Manager, Waimakariri District Council P9 Manager, Central City Development, CERA P10 Senior Advisor, Communication Central City Rebuild, CERA P11 Service Centre Manger, Waimakariri District Council P12 Earthquake Support Service, Waimakariri District Council P13 Recovery Manager, Waimakariri District Council P14 Utility Manager, Waimakariri District Council P15 Visits and Relations Advisor, CERA P16 Head, Strategy and Planning Group, Christchurch City Council References Branley, F. and Lloyd, M. (2005).Earthquakes. New York: HarperCollinsPublishers. Control monitoring range launched for use with pumping stations. (2003).World Pumps, 2003(444), p.11. Infrastructure. (2004). London: European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Jones, C. (2005).Framework. Madrid: Santillana. Koh, R. (2012).Residences. Singapore: Page One. Memarzadeh, M. and Pozzi, M. (2015). Integrated Inspection Scheduling and Maintenance Planning for Infrastructure Systems.Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, 31(6), pp.403-415. Hamada, M. (n.d.).Engineering for earthquake disaster mitigation. Momani, N. (2011). Integrated framework for earthquake consequences management.Disaster Prevention and Management, 20(3), pp.314-333. Mortensen, C. (1998).Speeding earthquake disaster relief. Menlo Park, CA: U.S. Geological Survey. Singh, S. (2008).Disaster management. New Delhi: A P H Publishing Phillips, R. and Freeman, R. (2010).Stakeholders. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Scott, M. (2003).Speeding in residential areas. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services. Tracy, B. (2014).Leadership. New York: American Management Association. Trans-European Transport network. (2005). Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. Twort, A., Ratnayaka, D. and Brandt, M. (2006).Water supply. Oxford [England]: Butterworth-Heinemann. Wilson, J. (2004).Strategic partners. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe.

Crisis and Disaster Management Build Back Better

Question: Discuss about the case study Crisis and Disaster Management for Build Back Better. Answer: Introduction to BBB The Build Back Better policy is one of the most important as well as useful aspect for an organization in order to improve their business and profits. The motto of Build Back Better was accepted more officially when the BBB guidelines were created in the year of 2006 by Clinton. The guidelines were created after the mishap of South Asian tsunami in the year of 2004 occurred. The main purpose of this policy or strategy is to secure the organization from threats such as the environment, production and many others. Clinton used the Key Propositions for BBB as the primary authorized document over the subject. In context of reconstruction as well as recovery, the concept of BBB is the accepted standard for conducting the procedure. Some of the examples are mentioned below to make it clear that how integral the BBB policy is: United Nations Disaster Relief Organization(UNDRO) has a guideline of Principles for Settlement and Shelter. Reconstruction strategy, as well as Post Tsunami Recovery measures undertaken by the government of Sri Lanka, is an example of implementations of Build Back Better. To rebuild the future planet, free from problems that current generations suffer from, Federal Emergency Management Agencys operational framework can be used. Mondays Holistic Recovery Framework is an ideal framework providing implementation and strategic details of Build Back Better policy. Recovery and Reconstruction Framework of Victorian Bushfire Recovery and Reconstruction Authority provide specific details on real time integration of BBB strategies. Christchurch Earthquake Recovery Authoritys Response and Repair strategies are direct measures that embark on the strategy of BBB. The concept of creating the better framework for BBB policy, we evaluate and discuss the situation thorough case studies of multinational dimensions. Figure 2 illustrates the concept of BBB. The central concepts mentioned in the BBB framework, are of the recovery of the community, risk management, and reduction, after the occurrence of a major disaster. One important aspect of Build Back Better policy is focuses on proper implantation of the strategy. As figure 1 show, the restoration of the community is further subdivided into social and economic recoverable strategies. Community support and involvement are the primary focus for Social recovery which is illustrated as on Table 1. The act of Encouragement, education, and engagement of communities are the primary equipment and tools proposed to help communities to deal with overcoming the trauma of environmental disasters. Greater Christchurch Earthquake(2010-2011) In 2010 and 2011, two major earthquakes struck Christchurch. The first referred to as The Darfield Quake, struck the suburb of Darfield with a magnitude of 7.1 on the Richter scale. The earthquake occurred on the 4th September, 2010 with a considerable aftershock of magnitude 6.3 again on the 22nd of February the same year. The reports of Liquefaction became more extensive in the eastern parts of the city. The reports intensified after the occurrence of the second earthquake, which had affected huge parts of residential areas (Scott 2003). The estimated losses were in the range of 40 billion New Zealand Dollars which is approximately around 19 percent of New Zealands total GDP. Almost three fourth of all households in the area were destroyed beyond recognition. The major infrastructural buildings like healthcare, financial, educational, and historical buildings also bore the full brunt of the impact of the quake. In the central business district, nearly forty-seven percent of the bui ldings were declared unsafe and unfit. Nearly 627 buildings were earmarked for Demolition and finally destroyed. The authorities estimated the repairing and refurbishment costs of residences to be around NZ $13 billion. The disintegration of the Canterbury TV building and Pyne Gould Corp. building raised the death toll by 115 and 18 persons respectively. 28 people were reported to be killed in the central city alone. Eight people in a public bus were killed. The total death toll rose to 128 persons with several persons missing. The district of Waimakariri, in Christchurch, along with eastern suburb of the city, was in ruins after the Earthquakes. The eventual aftershocks caused the effects of liquefaction to be intensified. Liquefaction spread laterally in the adjoining areas. Nearly twelve hundred houses in Pines Beach were badly damaged. The authorities had earmarked almost 1048 houses for demolition. Some areas were permanently marked to be unsafe for rebuilding (Koh 2012). The earthquake had disrupted the normal flow of life. The damaged infrastructural facilities of the town took the entire systems down and prevented quick response from authorities. Many small and large business houses suffered huge losses to their businesses as there was shortage of raw materials. The infrastructure of the town including a total of 16 km of roads, 16 bridge approaches, and two walkway footbridges were badly damaged beyond repair. The damaged roads prevented goods trucks from plying on the roads and the retail chain su ffered. The potable water supply systems of Waimakariri was gravely disturbed and damaged. The damage amounted to a loss of 12 km of mainline water supply, ten kilometers of storm water drainage and three major water pumping stations (Twort, Ratnayaka and Brandt 2006). The damage also included 18 km of sewage gravity separators, and a total of 15 sewer pipe systems (Control monitoring range launched for use with pumping stations 2003). The creation of the regulatory body CERA was a result of the vastness in the scale of the disaster. CERA was ultimately given the task of managing Recovery and repairing activities in the Greater Christchurch areas. CERA was tasked with reporting to the Central New Zealand Government (Singh 2008). By the time of 31st March 2016, The Earthquake Commission had repaired 67,468 residential house repairs. The community buildings and historic architectures were greatly affected by the aftershocks. Brick and mortar masonry buildings suffered chimney collapses while residences with timber wood frames stayed upright. The falling of rocks and ground liquefaction resulted in limited land use over potentially dangerous lands in the greater Christchurch areas. Rebuild Framework The BBB framework dedicates its efforts to regenerate the economy of the disaster affected communities (Jones 2005). They do this by providing business support, commercial support to rebuild the local economy of the affected regions (Momani, 2011). The recovery principles regarding the Christchurch earthquake The Christchurch Earthquake Recovery principles contain the fact of guidance for the recovery of Canterbury. The strategic partners and community were developed in consultation to recover from the problems (Wilson 2004). It also provides the direction, confidence, and coordination in the case of the recovery effort (Tracy 2014). The Recovery Strategy has provided the government and the stakeholders with credible blue prints where the development plan is integrate the natural environment, economic recovery, cultural recovery. The Recovery Strategy has integrated the leadership and quality deliverance of the projects in a time bound manner (Phillips and Freeman 2010). The CERA Recovery Strategy aims to restore Christchurch to its former glory. The framework by CERA is very crucial for providing the future generations with an ideal disaster proof foundation. It places the prime focus on community recovery. It diverts its attentions to identify the company risks, environmental hazards, l and zoning and lastly housing problems (Mortensen 1998). The recovery report can be divided into three components by CERA. The first stage comprises repair and formulation of the entire action plan. To rebuild, replace as well as reconstruct the affected sites, a short-term phase is required. The actual repairing and remodeling is done at this phase. Medium and long term phases are involved in improvement, restoration and refurbishment activities. While developing a system to protect the city from the environment, it is very crucial to concerned with the idea of integrating infrastructure (Memarzadeh and Pozzi 2015). The housing infrastructure must be cost efficient and accessible to general public. The housing societies must have a well connected network of transport systems (Trans-European Transport network 2005).The housing plans also include blast resistant underground shelters. The resilient land zones which are certified to be stable, incorporates an urban design. The Recovery Strategy aims to prioritize investment on infrastructure for supporting Greater Christchurch (Infrastructure 2004). Research Methodology The Christchurch case was covered by a newspaper, which was reported to be critically affected by the earthquakes in the year of 2010 and 2011 (Branley and Lloyd 2005). The recovery and redevelopment process is still going on. So the role of BBB may be instrumental in reduction of risk of the future generations. The Build Back Better strategy can be used as an initiative in other countries, in the event of a disaster. A design of mix method can be used to substantiate our research findings. The method of mix can be carried out for conducting the key official interviews from the Christchurch case study. The interviews with Earth Recovery Authority and the city councils were conclusive and were justifiable in accordance with the related literature. The direct involvement of the interviewee in the post disaster crisis is crucial for the interview subject. It helps the researcher to understand the ground realities and plan the recovery process efficiently and effectively. It took one hour to complete each semi-structured process of interview. So minute attention was devoted to plan and improvise intricate details of the whole process. The data for the conducted interviews are provided below. Table 1: Case study data collection Research trip Interviewee Description Research trip 1 April 2014May 2014 P1 Visits and Relations Advisor, CERA P2 Structural Engineer, CERA P3 Manager, Utilities and Roading, Waimakariri District Council P4 Recovery Manager, Waimakariri District Council Research trip August 2015 P5 General Manager, Constructions, CERA P6 Chief Advisor, Insurance, CERA P7 General Manager, Community Resilience, CERA P8 Former Recovery Manager, Waimakariri District Council P9 Manager, Central City Development, CERA P10 Senior Advisor, Communication Central City Rebuild, CERA P11 Service Centre Manger, Waimakariri District Council P12 Earthquake Support Service, Waimakariri District Council P13 Recovery Manager, Waimakariri District Council P14 Utility Manager, Waimakariri District Council P15 Visits and Relations Advisor, CERA P16 Head, Strategy and Planning Group, Christchurch City Council References Branley, F. and Lloyd, M. (2005).Earthquakes. New York: HarperCollinsPublishers. Control monitoring range launched for use with pumping stations. (2003).World Pumps, 2003(444), p.11. Infrastructure. (2004). London: European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Jones, C. (2005).Framework. Madrid: Santillana. Koh, R. (2012).Residences. Singapore: Page One. Memarzadeh, M. and Pozzi, M. (2015). Integrated Inspection Scheduling and Maintenance Planning for Infrastructure Systems.Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, 31(6), pp.403-415. Hamada, M. (n.d.).Engineering for earthquake disaster mitigation. Momani, N. (2011). Integrated framework for earthquake consequences management.Disaster Prevention and Management, 20(3), pp.314-333. Mortensen, C. (1998).Speeding earthquake disaster relief. Menlo Park, CA: U.S. Geological Survey. Singh, S. (2008).Disaster management. New Delhi: A P H Publishing Phillips, R. and Freeman, R. (2010).Stakeholders. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Scott, M. (2003).Speeding in residential areas. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services. Tracy, B. (2014).Leadership. New York: American Management Association. Trans-European Transport network. (2005). Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. Twort, A., Ratnayaka, D. and Brandt, M. (2006).Water supply. Oxford [England]: Butterworth-Heinemann. Wilson, J. (2004).Strategic partners. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe.

Paper#1 Metaphysics Essays - Ballinger, , Term Papers

[Sarah Ballinger]Core Paper #1: Intellectual Caves[King] In the movie "The Truman Show", the main character Truman is living a life in which all of his experiences are simulated, but he believes that he lives in the real world. This resembles what the prisoners went through in "The Myth of the Cave", when they were stuck in chains and could only see the shadows on the wall. The puppet masters outside of the cave decide what the prisoners see and hear, thus they can create an entire alternate reality. Truman's reality is also staged for him by the directors of the show. Both Truman and the prisoners are presented with a reality, and they have no reason not to believe in this theatrical world. When released from these intellectual caves, they cannot discern what is real since their sense of reality is faulty. Everything in Truman's life was made up such as his job, where he lived, his friends, and his relationships. Truman believes that he is in control of his own life. This makes a big difference in his life because in his reality everyt hing works perfectly, which is usually not the case in the real world. Because of this, Truman would not know how to deal with tough situations that occur in the real world. Most of my childhood I spent a lot of time at my grandparents' house, since both of my parents had full-time jobs. When I was around 6 years old, my grandmother told my brother and I to run away if we see a spider. She told us that if a spider touches our skin, it will bite us and there would be nothing she could do to save us. This terrified me, and for good reason! I believed everything my grandma told me, so I had no reason not to believe what she had told me. From this moment on I was scared of spiders, and I stayed far away from them for years due to this reality I believed. I wouldn't say that these perceptions were necessarily appealing, but they were easy to believe for a few reasons. One reason was at my age, I believed almost anything my parents and grandparents told me. Also, I had never had an encounter with a spider that bit me, so I had no proof to discount what I believed to be true. The moment I began to doubt this perception was when my dad had gotten bit by a spider . I was so upset and I cried to my dad, explaining to him what was going to happen. He laughed and told me that it wasn't true, he said he would be perfectly fine, and he was. At this point I had to try and discern the truth. I was confused because I had believed this to be true for years, and now this view of reality was proved false. Even though I know now that this story I was told about spiders is untrue, I still today carry an excessive fear of spiders. This makes me question if once we escape an intellectual cave, if we still carry parts of that alternate reality. The world we live in can sometimes deceive us of the truth. We as humans often choose to believe what we wish, instead of what is true. Such as the great thinker Plato believes in the world of the forms, and often dismisses the physical world. It is easy to follow Plato's idea of reality, because it cannot be proven wrong with solid evidence. In that reality, no one can prove its true or untrue, and so it can seem much more appealing. Thus, we must question everything we believe in, because questioning our beliefs is how we discover the truth. Plato entrusts reason, but it can occasionally be difficult to reason through the truth. He says to be weary of material objects, telling us that they are not real and are merely copies of the real thing. He says that the spirit is valid, but how can we prove something is reality if there is no reason or confirmation to believe in it? Discovering the truth will make us better, more intellectually diverse

The Administration of Disciplinary Action and Its Forms

The Administration of Disciplinary Action and Its Forms An important element of human resource development is the administration of disciplinary action. Often, employees may be found to be out of line with the organization expectations. This prompts the need to establish some reaction measures with the aim of discouraging situations where employees fall short of the organizations expectations. Some common forms of disciplinary actions include reprimands, suspensions and dismissal. Some forms of disciplinary actions include reprimands, suspensions, demotion or even dismissal. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Administration of Disciplinary Action and Its Forms specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most disciplinary actions are seen as adverse actions. This is because most of them are aimed at instilling some level of pain or discomfort on the employees. When an employee is demoted for having a poor attitude towards work of for consistently not achieving the set targets, the action adversely affects them. There are several dimensions of a disciplinary action. These dimensions ensure that the disciplinary action is as effective as possible. First, the disciplinary action should be aimed at ensuring that the employee behavior improves. This means that the action should not merely punish the victim but should influence the behavior towards the desirable attributes. Secondly, the disciplinary action should be just and congruent to the magnitude of the offence committed. This implies that the disciplinary action should be to the scale of the wrong done. This way it is effective as there is a feeling that the action is well deserved. Thirdly, disciplinary action should be consistent. Similar action should be taken for similar offences for all employees. PEER SURVAILLANCE is an accountability process where employees are given the responsibility of watching each other as they undertake their tasks. This method is now being seen as the most effective in ensurin g accountability among work mates. The method is known to greatly enhance relationships at the work place while at the same time improving productivity in the organizations workforce. It is the most ethically plausible staff management method. VERTICLE SURVAILLANCE on the other hand follows a hierarchical organizational structure to determine who is accountable to who is answerable to which member of the organization. Here junior employees are report to their seniors. This model is widely used by organizations around the world. However, its effectiveness in relation to the peer surveillance has been highly questioned. HORIZONTAL SURVEILLANCE seeks to place the roles of accountability within the various existing departments. One department is accountable to another so long as they are on the same level of the organizational hierarchy. This model is mainly applicable in organizations where different departments complement each other towards achieving the overall organizational goal. I n a case where one department is performing poorly, other departments are affected hence the push for better performance.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Progressive discipline is a concept applied in the practice of human resource management. The concept stipulates that a penalty for a wrong doing should keep increasing with repetition. This means that every time an employee does a wrong, the penalty is stiffer than the previous time the same wrong was committed. It is aimed at discouraging repeated mistakes within the organization. The first time may attract a verbal reprimand, the second a written warning, the third a suspension while the fourth would attract a demotion and finally dismissal. Progressive discipline enables the human resource department to continually influence employee behavior. The fact that a stiffer penalty is imposed each time an offence is repeated means that the employees are highly motivated to achieve the organizations expectations. The effectiveness of the actions is enhanced by several issues. First, the action should be timely. One should take action early enough before the behavior develops in to a habit. This is amounts to a nip on the bud. Secondly, one should be fair in application. Fairness is first seen by clarifying and clearing the expectations placed on the employee within the organization. More importantly, the actions should direct the employee’s behavior. This is through availing avenues of solving the existing problems with the workers. In the process of enforcing the progressive disciplinary action, it is important that one is careful not to violate the rights of the employees. Due Process right of an employee refers to the full consideration of the legal implications of the actions taken against an employee. It is critical for the rights of an employee to be fully respected to avoid cases where disputes arise on the legality of the actions. This not only ensures that the process of human resource management is smooth, but also ensures that the organization is free of legal tussles. The most important dimensions of progressive discipline actions include fairness and measured severity. The actions should be fair and consistent among the employees. When one is reprimanded, the second penalty should be just slightly severe and should not jump to dismissal. However, the progressive disciplinary actions should be in full consideration of the severity of the successive offence. If an individual misappropriated funds and was reprimanded, a second and bigger scale attempt to still will not attract another warning but would justifiable lead to dismissal of the employee.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Administration of Disciplinary Action and Its Forms specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Acqusitions and Mergers Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Acqusitions and Mergers - Research Paper Example Two such companies chosen are Piedmont Healthcare and Saint Joseph's Health System based in Atlanta that have formed a corporate alliance with each other. Another company in the same healthcare industry that does not have a global presence outside USA and also no history of any corporate merger is The American Amputee Foundation, Inc. (AAF) that is a NGO run company in USA. Company details in brief Piedmont Health Care Piedmont Hospital is health care unit established in 2002 in Buckhead area, Atlanta. Physicians and other members of the hospital have come from all across the globe to provide the best facilities in health care possible. The hospital has above 80 physicians who offer a diverse range of medical services. With above 20 specialist doctors and primary care functions, its patients get access to many systems of medical care. With their x-ray, CT scan, MRI facility, ultrasound as well as in-house laboratories, the patients get the option to receive medical tests and their re lated procedures close to their home. Piedmont Healthcare and its workers and physicians had raised over $32,000 for supporting the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society in the Light the Night Walk programme in 2011 at Centennial Olympic Park on November 5, 2011 (PIEDMONT profiles, 2011, p.10). In terms of its global presence, Piedmont health care has collaborated with MedShare to provide health care stuffs to the people in developing countries. It had provided 4,334 pounds of medical goods to MedShare (Piedmont Physicians Group, 2012). MedShare is a reputed nonprofit organization which is dedicated towards improving the healthcare in developing countries by distributing surplus medical supplies and equipments to the impoverished healthcare facilities. Saint Joseph's Health System The hospital provides diverse range of medical care from its facilities that includes 14 emergency care hospitals, home health units, hospital care, its outpatient services, skilled nurses and their facilities, its community clinics, and the physician organizations. The hospital operates mostly in South California, North California and Texas. The St. Joseph Health is one of the founding members of the Center for Healthcare Reform. The Center worked with several groups and individuals to fulfill deep, systemic improvements in the area of its cost, its medical care quality and the access to the U.S health care (St. Joseph Health, 2012). American Amputee Foundation, Inc. (AAF) The American Amputee Foundation, Inc. (AAF) was founded in 1975 as a form of national information clearing house and a referral center that used to treat the amputees, the families, and their care providers. The foundation researches and then gathers information on different aspects of amputation that include conducting studies, on product information, the available services, its self-help journals and many of its articles regarding amputation and their related conditions. The American Amputee Foundation, Inc. also started to offer Life Care Planning Services in 1978 that provided for Wheelchair/Mobility Equipment along with the Maintenance Needs, the Projected Therapies that included physical as well as occupational therapies, mental counseling, Orthotics and Prosthetics and many more. As a nonprofit organization that provide utilities mainly for  the amputees as well as their families and also secondarily the people with spinal cord injury, the organization has limited their life care services for these clients (The American Amputee Foundation, Inc, 2009). Piedmont Healthcare merger with Saint Joseph's Health System – a good business decision In 2010, Saint Joseph’s Health System and Piedmont Healthca

Inclusion in Special Needs Education Research Paper

Inclusion in Special Needs Education - Research Paper Example Discussion According to Ballard (1997: 244): Inclusive education is understood as a non-discriminatory practice of providing individuals of whatever age, color, ethnicity, culture, gender, or even disability the equal treatment they deserve at classroom setting and the school community (Ballard, 1997). These learners are given equal rights and involve all students in a community. There are no exceptions to access the culturally valued curriculum of their society whatever may be the intellectual, physical, sensory or other differences they may have. They are treated as full-time valued members of society. Inclusion accepts and practices diversity in the assimilation process. Colonization of minority experiences by prevailing and popular culture, thoughts and actions are as much as possible diminished (Ballard, 1997). There were set unique characteristics of integration as against inclusion. Integration involves the provision of support to students with special needs in the same mainst ream classes where regular and disabled children are educated side-by-side (Farrell, 2010). Inclusion, on the other hand, poses a major restructuring of schools to inherently educate all students in the communities. Ballard (1997) recommended that physical education teachers and their trainers should establish clear contexts for their work based upon ethos committed to fundamental restructuring and adaptation of existing policies, learning, teaching, and assessment practices. It is important that teachers are adequately prepared to meet the special needs of children. The teachers should be responsive to a diverse range of pupil needs to address inclusive education. In the mid-1990s, the rights of all learners (including young disabled people and those with special educational needs (SEN)) to experience education alongside their age peers in a mainstream, rather than segregated, settings has increasingly become a defining feature of government policy in many countries (Farrell, 2010) . The Salamanca Statement on inclusive education (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 1994), has many governments committed to providing a more inclusive education system based on an accepted ideological assumption that all children should have a fundamental right and equal opportunity to experience education in mainstream schools (Barton, 2009). The Salamanca Statement specified the inclusion of all young disabled people and those with special educational needs in mainstream settings. Mainstream schools must accommodate all children regardless of their physical, intellectual, social, emotional, linguistic and other conditions (Garner, 2009). Implementation It was suggested that hiring well-prepared teachers with sufficient training or experience with SEN pupils is important for mainstream inclusion (Sachteleben, 2010). These teachers are well-versed on available resources online and use of technologies that aid in addressing SEN pupils. Continuing educ ation for capable mainstream teachers may also be adopted. But most importantly, capable teachers should be properly benefitted to make them stay in the school and in the profession.

Empiricism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Empiricism - Essay Example Recent philosophical knowledge has often argued that man’s senses can often fail to gain true knowledge. This is manifested in the film Matrix, when the story’s main character, Neo, realized that what he perceived to be real is actually not real. The world he has thought to live is actually a computer simulation program that has set to make an illusion of man’s existence. Hence, in this case, if we are to gain true knowledge through sensory experiences, yet our senses can fail us, then how are we to achieve true knowledge? According to Hume’s An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (p. 728), our senses inform us of the color, weight, and consistence of bread. It is through these very senses that man have come to know the world around him, and all the things in it. This is the basic premise of empiricism, which states that: †¦a theory of knowledge, which emphasizes those aspects of scientific knowledge that are closely related to experience, especially formed through deliberate experimental arrangements (Wikipedia, 2006). Everything that man learns is the product of his experience. David Hume regarded lively and strong as experiences and perceptions. On the other hand, he defined less lively events as beliefs or thoughts. This could explain the fact that people have learned to define and appreciate the very essence of love, happiness, sadness, and loneliness. Love and happiness are often associated with events that thrill and excite people with someone very close of meaningful for them such as experiences related to one’s first kiss, marriage proposal, giving birth, and the like. On the other hand, sadness and loneliness are usually related to experiences such as unattained goals and aspirations, fight and arguments, sickness, and even death. It is no doubt that children would easily recognize the definition of sadness

Leadership Styles Of Jesus Christ And Paul Religion Essay

Leadership Styles Of Jesus Christ And Paul Religion Essay This essay will examine the theoretical concepts of leadership, showing their strengths and weaknesses. The leadership styles of Jesus Christ and Apostle Paul will be discussed followed by the leadership qualities expected from the church as illustrated by the five-fold ministry found in Pauls epistle to the Ephesians Chapter 4. The leadership qualities expected in change management, communicating vision and handling or dealing with oppositions shall be examined. Nevertheless, most people believe that leadership means to occupy an exalted position that commands authority over others. Typical is the request by the mother of Zebedees children to Jesus Christ in Matthew Chapter 20 verses 20 and 21. Salome sought that Jesus will grant that her two sons take positions; one on the left and the other on the right hand of Jesus in His kingdom. Jesus confirmed that this is the manner of leadership found in the world, where the princes of the gentiles exercise dominion over them and they exercise great authority upon them. But it shall not be so among you.  [1]  Wright inferred that with this concept of leadership, only the few people occupying positions of authority and responsibility could be referred to as leaders and not every Christian.  [2]   Jesus advocated that leaders should serve rather than being served  [3]  . This concept focuses on what we do; as in service to God and to others as opposed to merely occupying positions. Paul, when writing to the Galatians instructs us that, by love serve one another  [4]  . Gods intention demonstrated by the blessing of Genesis Chapter 1 verse 28 shows that all humans have the right to lead and we need not occupy any position to do that. Wright again explained that if by leader we mean a person who enters into a relationship with another person to influence their behaviour, values or attitudes, then I would suggest that all Christians should be leaders.  [5]   Damazio in his book reveals the danger the church faces today as scriptural principles laid in Gods word are being replaced with business principles thus making the church to run as business corporations rather than as New Testament organisations. Members hardly comprehend the truth of the word of God. Biblical prerequisite into leadership position demanding holiness, Holy Ghost in-filling, integrity and godly wisdom have gradually been replaced with academic scholarship hence robbing the church of its spiritual life and vitality  [6]  . The church is gradually going the way Paul describes as having a form of godliness, but denying the power thereof.  [7]   LEADERSHIP STYLEs OF JESUS CHRIST and APOSTLE paul COMPARED AND CONTRASTED Jesus communicated His mission saying, For the son of Man came not to be ministered unto, but to minister and to give his life as ransom for many. This statement depicts service and sacrifice. Similarly, Paul in his Epistles revealed that his leadership is derived from being a servant of Jesus Christ. Some translations of the Bible even allude to him as a bondservant of Jesus. Pauls leadership is by example reflected in his statement, be followers of me as I am of Christ  [8]  , similar to Jesus, I do whatever I see the Father do  [9]  . This emanated from the law of reproduction of kinds every organism produces after its kind  [10]  ; which actually has its root in Genesis at creation. It is popularly said, that success without a successor is failure. As Jesus therefore commanded his disciples to teach all nations, so Paul instructed Timothy that the things which you have heard from me in the presence of many witnesses, these entrust to faithful men, who will be able to teach others also, thus the continuity of the leadership chain guaranteed. The mentorship style of both Jesus and Paul is also here emphasised. According to Ascough, Pauls style of leadership referenced in 1st Thessalonians 5:12-13 is, to respect those who work hard among you, who are over you in the Lord and who admonish you. Hold them in highest regard because of their work  [11]  . Since these are unnamed people, the term who are over you, implies they are leaders whose obligation is due to the work they do rather than their position. This tally with Jesus view that leadership is not about the office but the duties. While exercising authority in administrative offices, they are not to slack in their daily tasks of their work; for which they are to be respected  [12]  . Accordingly, Agostos Jesus leadership challenged the political and spiritual leadership of His time. He identified with the masses that were overtaxed and oppressed by the Jewish domination helped by Roman authorities. He confronted the injustice, challenging the oppressors right into the temple; where He overthrew tables of money changers  [13]  . His weapon remained the Word of God, referring His critics to the Old Testament book of Jeremiah 7: 11 which says that the house of God has become den of robbers.  [14]   The difference between Jesus and Pauls leadership style is obvious the way Jesus ministered to a local audience in the regions of Galilee and Jerusalem and ministered in Jewish temple and synagogues, Paul embarked on missionary journeys establishing churches in urban centres throughout the Roman Empire. Paul wrote to his followers while Jesus did not keep any writing except witnesses account written after his death. This makes Paul presentation more comprehensible to us today than Jesus  [15]  . The gospel writers may not have written without elements of their personal agenda. THE FIVE FOLD LEADERSHIP MINISTRY In Ephesians chapter 4, the five-fold leaders template was identified and Paul explained the purpose of the gifts. According to verse 12, the purpose of the gifts is not to boast but as tools to work with, that is: The perfecting of the saints providing leadership for other believers The work of the ministry The edifying of the body of Christ APOSTLES The word apostle is from the Greek word apostollos meaning to send. That is called to represent Christ as a missionary, preaching the gospel and establishing churches.  [16]  Jesus was called an Apostle sent by God (Hebrews 3:1).  [17]  Stamps believe that apart from the signs of an Apostle mentioned in 2 Corinthians 12:12, the apostles commissioned to write scriptures belonged to a different class to church leaders that succeed them. PROPHETS The Old Testament prophets always appeal to the conscience of Gods people to remain faithful and telling of future events. Today they warn, rebuke exhort, comfort and pronounce judgement  [18]  . Their prophecies however are to be authenticated by the word of God. EVANGELISTS From the Greek root word evangel meaning good news, evangelists have the tasks of spreading the gospel of Christ. Jesus commanded His disciples to go into the world and preach the gospel to all creatures. Mark 16:15. Every believer is expected to do this. But there are some specially gifted of the Holy Spirit to evangelise and win many souls by preaching, miracles and deliverance  [19]  . Philip is a classical NT example (Acts 21:8). PASTORS Pastors are shepherds to tend and oversee the flock of God in a local assembly. They are to feed the members with the undiluted word of God; to ensure spiritual growth and provide leadership for the congregation in a local church. Apostle Paul was very clear in expressing the qualifications of bishop, Pastor or overseers; which are not political but spiritual qualities (1 Timothy 3: 1-7). TEACHERS Teachers lead Gods people providing sound doctrine and acting as the custodians of the truthfulness of the Word of God. They check and balance the ministry of prophets to prevent heresies  [20]  . They are also responsible for raising other teachers. The five-fold ministry are interrelated and interdependent. Individuals within the body of Christ can possibly manifest more than one of these gifts. Apostles are said to function in all five. LEADERSHIP WITH DEFINED AND PROJECTED VISION TO FOLLOWERSHIP. According to Carson Pue, Leaders met in the past two decades and concur in the realisation of the full advantages of communicating their vision clearly and with such a feeling that people were able to follow. With numerous books on visionary leadership, Leaders wanting to achieve their target for various ministries or organisation will still need to cope with the modern requirement for the creation and communicating their visions. He made mention from John Cotters extensive research that Superior Leadership stems from power to translate a vision into reality and sustain it. Carson sums it all by the absolute need to take adequate time, involve enough people so as to successfully disseminate the vision. It will in turn be captured at all levels of workers in the organisation (boosting motivation) hence assist in progression of goals for the Ministry.  [21]  A biblical example is the sequence with which the Lord did the commissioning of the disciples after resurrection as recorded in Acts 1:8 where the disciples were instructed to wait for Holy Ghost baptism to acquire the power required for evangelism.  [22]   MANAGEMENT OF CHANGES IN LEADERSHIP. According to Michael W Foss book A servants manual, Dr Zipper symbolises the process or challenge of Change to a burning platform with a multiple attitudinal response form leadership. With the burning platform taken as the very circumstances that necessitates the required change, its management then translates to ability to call the attention of those whom the change will affect to it. While Persistence, patience and purpose are three key factors through a successful change, there are conservative leaders that will assert that the platform is not really on fire. This is an expression of denial immediately followed with the attitude that, we had fires in the past this one is no different we will soon put it out! This foregoing attitude was linked to gradual decline in church attendance research at various congregations despite sustained evangelism. The big question to consider is if the platform is burning hot enough to absorb the obvious loss. Management of Change welcomes such loss as long as focus is brought from the past to the present for the sake of good future. Leaders are enjoined to make use of only vocabulary that will influence those who will receive the changes. Leaders are to stay connected to followers as followers prefer leaders who are with them rather than the one always in front of them.  [23]   MANAGEMENT OF OPPOSITIONS IN LEADERSHIP Oppositions will come up from within the leadership scope and outside the scope itself, hence according to Bill Hulls book, the disciple making church, he used the example of Paul and Barnabas who saw opposition as normal and a clear projection of their success. With full recognition of Acts 14:22 where it is expected that evangelism through tribulation are the pathway to Kingdom of God. Hull says that oppositions could be gotten from the resulting friction from the implementation of Gods agenda or from being passive and allowing the Church to be moribund with a resulting clamour against poor leadership skills. He further said that in evaluating approaches to opposition, it is good to bear in mind that the enemies of the ministry should only be in the categories of the opponents of the gospel. It is essential to let the opposition count rather than being ignored. Apostle Paul in a Challenging time was encouraged by God who made it clear to him to continue the evangelism as there are many people in the city for God ( Acts 18:9-10), when he was abused by Corinthians Jews as he left them to continue preaching to the gentiles.  [24]   Conclusively, I am in support of Leadership that is ready to Change, manage changes as earlier mentioned by Michael Foss rather than the passive leadership that only reacts to the aftermath of challenges rather than being pro-active or be mindful of overall disposition in the scope of leadership in the areas of needful changes and apparent opposition. This in line with warning from Hosea 4:6 which God warned that his people are perishing due to lack of Knowledge. This can also be likened to indifference and overly conservative attitude of some Modern day leaders.  [25]  

Building and Maintaining Effective Teams :: BTEC Business Marketing GCSE Coursework

Building and Maintaining Effective Teams In this age of rapidly changing technology, market-driven decision making, customer sophistication, and employee restlessness, leaders and managers are faced with new challenges. Organizations must build new structures and master new skills in order to compete and survive. As work settings become more complex and involve increased numbers of interpersonal interactions, individual effort has less impact. In order to increase efficiency and effectiveness, a group effort is required. The creation of teams has become a key strategy in many organizations. Team building is an essential element in supporting and improving the effectiveness of small groups and task forces and must be a key part of a total program of organizational change. Hellriegel, Slocum, & Woodman (1986) state that team building is used to improve the effectiveness of work groups by focusing on any of the following four purposes: setting goals and priorities, deciding on means an methods, examining the way in which the group works, and exploring the quality of working relationships. A cycle then develops; it begins with the awareness or perception of a problem and is followed sequentially by data collection, data sharing diagnosis, action planning, action implementation, and behavioral evaluation. This style is repeated as new problems are identified. Not all work groups are teams. Reilly and Jones (1974) list four essential elements of teams: goals, interdependence, commitment, and accountability. The members must have mutual goals or a reason to work together; there must be an interdependent working relationship; individuals must be committed to the group effort; and the group must be accountable to a higher level within the organization. A good example is an athletic team, whose members share goals and an overall purpose. Individual players have specific assignments they are responsible for, but each depends on the other team members to complete their assignments. Lack of commitment to the team effort reduces overall effectiveness. Finally, the team usually operates within the framework of a higher organization such a league. The overall objective of a work team is to exercise control over organizational change (functionally, this involves increased decision-making and problem-solving efforts), although a side effect may be to increase the productivity of individual members. A primary objective of team building is to increase awareness of group process. In essence, the group members will learn how to control change externally by experimenting internally.

How Does Advertisement Influence People’s Behaviour?

In the modern world, advertisement is everywhere. In every abundance walk of life, there are huge competitions. As a result, advertisement has become more important. If you can be more noticeable, it means you would have chances to market. Therefore, advertising has great impact on different people. Advertising, is mainly used in market, refer to marketing message, which is presented by an identified sponsor in extinctive media such as the television, newspapers, radio, magazines and Internet. The term may be used to refer to message presentation in the marketplace.The term may also be extended to show a product in a television program or movie, which in order to target audience. This research paper focus on how does advertisement influence children and women on the society? Nowadays, advertisements can be found everywhere in our daily life.When you are walking on the street, you can see the advertisements in the shops or markets. When you are watching TV, advertisements appear betwe en programs. When you are reading newspapers, there are advertisements in the newspapers.Since advertisements are so popular in our daily life, they have great impact on the society and people’s behaviors. The influence can be in positive and negative ways. First of all, since advertisements are what we use to provide information for the customers, through advertisements, customers can get a lot of useful information like the functions of a product, the price of it and where they can buy it. In a manner of speaking, advertisements give us suggestions on what to buy and how to improve our life quality. Secondly, good advertisements can always stimulate consumer’s purchase desire.Such advertisements can usually help increase the sales of a kind of product. Therefore, advertisements can boot the profit of a company and stimulate the economy of a district. And they may create new fashion trends. Thirdly, good advertisements are usually great works of art, too.They are beau tiful and creative. So they have positive impacts on both the society and the people. Through advertisements, social aesthetic level can be raised, and people will be encouraged to appreciate beauty and to be creative. However, advertisements are not all good.They have bad impacts on the society and people’s behavior as well. As we all know, advertising is the most commonly used way by the companies to increase the sales. As a result, companies will try their best to attract audience even some times neglect bad impacts.Advertising is routinely being targeted to children in all over the world. â€Å" Media’s influence on children is mainly due to two dimensions-advertising and editorial/programming contended(O’ Guinn and Shrum,1997) –with advertising specifically intended to inform young consumers about products and encourage their purchase.†1 Because advertising makes effect on children, the media must impact the children, in other words, the child ren must reach the media, and then, interact with them. Children play passive role in the learning process, and they are good at imitating. When they are growing, they are trying to find a person such as their parents as models.Some of them will study on magazines; watch movies and TV shows to find out how to be a successful boy or girl. From the most fashionable hairstyle, the most popular music and dance, to the views to different kind of things.There are two ways that children can obtain about products. One is from parents, and the other one is from peers. Parents as consumer socialization agents. In western nations, it has been shown that parents teach children how to choose products, which are satisfied in the marketplace.Meanwhile, teaching them understand how to compare products in price and quality. Evidence shows that the more often that parents take young people shopping, the more aware the young people turn to purchasing information. Moreover, the communications among fam ily members may also impact young people’s interactions.Another significant evidence suggests that advertisement in television effect children a lot. Media influences most children’s requests for advertised products. Another important way young people can be affected is peers. At school, children spend long time studying or playing together.They can learn from each other what clothing styles are popular right now or how to wear can get more attention from others. In addition, peers influence a lot in children’s interaction for products. For example, they learn from their friends which stores are cheaper, which brands of selected products are much better.It is logical that if child A and child B are good friends, they always paly together, and if child A likes a brand of products, then child B will be influenced by child A, and start loving this brand of products. Also, there is an increasing evidence show that the more children affect each other, the more produc ts will be purchased by children.Thus, children are the huge consumer group in the world. The effect of advertisements on women in society. In the history, there is a standard of â€Å"beauty† during every period of time.But never like today, all kinds of media, especially television media, trying to teach us what is beauty should look like. In order to satisfy the needs males, advertisements are trying to define female beauty. Try to make women be seen as the aesthetic object and use this kind of â€Å" copy beauty† to attract consumers.Meanwhile, as a target group of consumer, women are apparently influenced by advertisements during watching process. The images in the advertising become emulating the target. In these pictures, the models are wearing pretty clothes, and they are having perfect bodies, long hair.They look sexy and attractive. In the society, this kind of advertising images are seen everywhere. Also, it influences women how they should look like and dre ss. For example, when several graceful air hostess who are dressing in a suit, having the long hair floats walking row tidy out from the plane.And telling others the reason why they have beautiful hair it is because they use â€Å"LOREAL† shampoo. After that, do you think women can just wait or ignore? All above, the unreal â€Å"female beauty† standard misled the female consumption. According to the stereotype image, there is few woman can achieve â€Å" young† and â€Å"beauty†.So, women start to re-create themselves. They use cosmetics, beauty, breast augmentation surgery and even cosmetic surgery to make themselves follow advertising images’ beautiful figures. As a result, women fall into the trap that shops made. Women accept advertising values, aesthetics propaganda and at the same time, they will act.Eventually, advertisement leads them to consume. It can be said that the whole industry are describing the â€Å" perfect female† in adv ertising, meanwhile, using women’s fear and upset feeling which is they are not as good as the models in the advertising to sell products to promote  consumption.Therefore, because of stereotyped advertisement, the consumption from women becomes modeled. â€Å"One study of a sample of Stanford graduates and undergraduates found that sixty-eight percent of students felt worse about their own appearances after reading women's magazines† (Crafting a Perfect Body).For example, â€Å"Allure† magazines, in 30 advertisements, 90% of them are thin Caucasian women who have long golden hair and blue eyes. Even the African American women, they changed hair to make it light and straight and try to look like Caucasian women.

Make The Topic On Whomever You Choose, The Originalist Or

Make The Topic On Whomever You Choose, The Originalist Or Make The Topic On Whomever You Choose, The Originalist Or Non Teacher English 2nd October Originalist and Non-originalist There are two basic ways of interpretation of constitution originalist and non-originalist. Originalists believe that the constitution should be interpreted according to the framer’s and writer’s intentions and thoughts and non-originalist believe that it as time keeps on changing therefore it should be interpreted according to the consequences. I support the non-originalist thought of school. As the written constitution does not represents all the ways in which the government might use to manipulate or oppress the public. So the interference by law may handle such situations in a better way. Sometimes the intentions of the framers are ambiguous or related to a particular time so it is not easy to understand the basic idea or intention of the framers in difficult situations. Non-originalist allow judges to handle the crisis which may result from the misinterpretation of the constitution but originalists make co rrections in the interpretation and this amendment process consumes a lot of time and due to the wastage of time the crises may get worst. In addition to that the framers at a meeting in Philadelphia said they do not want their thoughts or intentions to govern the interpretation of the constitution. Moreover the non-originalist school of thought allows the interpretation of the constitution in a modern way which includes critical issues regarding the rights of minorities and women.The non-originalist school of thought allows us to interpret the constitution according to the variations of time. It gives law the rights to handle specific situations, especially of crises, in an effective manner. Moreover it also interprets the constitution in an enlightened way and also considers the rights of minorities. The non-originalist interpretation of constitution can give better results in certain situations as it is based on modern ideas and it also relates the interpretation of the constitut ion with the present consequences in order to handle specific matters effectively. (â€Å"Theories of constitutional Interpretation†)Work Citedâ€Å"Theories of constitutional Interpretation†. law2.umkc.edu. exploring Constitutional Conflicts, nd. Web. 2 Oct. 2011.

Success In Business Through Ethics †Business Essay

Success In Business Through Ethics – Business Essay Free Online Research Papers Success In Business Through Ethics Business Essay I believe it is imperative to adhere strongly to ethics in order to succeed in both the personal and business aspects of your life. Applying this to my job I am constantly playing by the rules to uphold our company’s clean image. It is rare for a young company to maintain high ethical standards; however so far my company has succeeded. In order to further my company’s growth in this area, we believe knowledge is the key. We are constantly looking for workshops and training sessions to make sure all employees are well versed in the ethics arena of business. We are confident that each employee will withhold strongly to the rules of our company. One of the most important aspects of a company is honesty; one white lie can tarnish a company’s reputation forever. In checking the invoices one month we noticed that a company had paid double what they should have, instead of seeing if they would notice first, which is what most companies would do, we alerted them right away and fixed the problem as soon as possible. This shows that we have been very thorough in maintaining our spotless record. In my personal life I have been told a number of times I have very strong morals. I believe in doing what’s right when nobody is looking and treating others as I would like to be treated. I have found money and credit cards on several occasions and always turn it in to the nearest lost and found. One night surfing after surfing I notice a lady and her young child sopping wet standing in the parking lot. I asked if they needed any help, turns out she had locked her keys in her car. I let her borrow my cell phone and gave them each a dry towel and offered them a ride. The next weekend my board bag with my only set of keys in it was stolen from the beach, and thankfully somebody did the same for me. There is nothing more frustrating than having to deal with a company or person without good ethics. It’s not always easy to uphold strong morals but in the long run I strongly believe it is always worth it. Research Papers on Success In Business Through Ethics - Business EssayAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaTwilight of the UAWMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductPETSTEL analysis of IndiaArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)The Project Managment Office SystemComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayResearch Process Part OneNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This Nice

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A young woman with advance cancer with a young family who wants to end her life on her terms. There is a scenario given and a te - Essay Example Nowadays, caring for cancer patients is becoming more complicated requiring the work of a health professional. This article explains the sickness connected to cancer and the nursing activities done to reduce and prevent the effect of such sicknesses in a 34 year old woman, Frankie, who is suffering from rectal cancer. Issue Identification (Noticing) Typically, oncology related ailments go with persistent health issues. Such illnesses usually have multiple symptoms as were diagnosed in Frankie; she was anxious, and was suffering from further progressive disease in her lung liver and peritoneum. Other ailments found in her were, abdominal distension, leg edema and uncontrolled rectal pain. When such sicknesses are combined, they amplify the care complexity of cancer patients. Nevertheless, early detection of these conditions and their effective management can enable the cancer individuals to become comfortable and responsive to treatment. A formal capacity assessment on admission demon strated that Frankie was competent according to the Mental Capacity Act (2005) and she has remained competent. Frankie’s husband is unaware of his wives’ expectations and as much as he may need her to stay in a hospital facility and get the necessary care, his wife has different wishes which she would also want her husband to be kept out of it. Frankie says that her husband is ‘already dealing with enough.’ Chronic condition managers of cancer patients direct that they have to live on more than a single medication that has been regularly prescribed. For example, Frankie's drug therapy includes Capecitabine a chemotherapy drug used to treat the rectal cancer, Oxycodone (subcutaneous) and Fentanyl (patch) used to treat the pain, Midazolam to treat Frankie's insomnia and Escitalopram a selective serotonin uptake inhibitor used to manage Frankie's anxiety. In Frankie’s case, the individuals providing for her health care away from the hospital, i.e. her husband and children, are not health care experts specialized in handling her conditions; as an alternative, they are just alimentary health care providers. It is even probable that these health care providers have no specialized skills in such areas as oncology. Her health care providers are also either older or younger than she is; this is a regular incident in health care for the terminally ill. Nevertheless, Frankie’s elder health care provider, her husband, is given a chance to learn. Formulation Development The formulation of the disease was data based. The information collected together with the assessment of the patient’s health was sufficient for diagnosis. It relies on set up questions as well as processes (Drescher, Jotzo, Goelz, Meyer, Bacher & Poets, 2008); Patient’s Identity – it is a female who is tall and slender. Patient’s name is Frankie. She is now in her mid life years and he appears weak. Diagnosis – Frankie is ailing an d was diagnosed as suffering from advanced rectal cancer with liver, lung and Para aortic metastasis. Since then Frankie has received palliative chemotherapy, a partial lung resection, palliative radiotherapy to her pelvis, a right hepatectomy, radiofrequency ablation of her liver, and further liver resections for metastasis r4(Funnell, Koutoukidis & Lawrence, 2009). Precipitating

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The ownership of risk in Projects in the Gulf Cooperation Council region - Essay Example It is, however, not the case the pattern and the extent of this real estate boom is similar in case of all the countries in the GCC region, but the interesting thing is that market characteristics, outlook and environment of investment in most of the GCC countries are pointing towards the continuation of this current boom for some time in future. The ongoing boom in real estate sector of is not only significant for the growth of construction sector of this region, but also to the development of overall economy as construction sector is one of the most important economic sector of the region which significantly contributed to the GDP of this area. Given the importance of this sector to the overall economic conditions of the countries in GCC, it is very much important that the current pace is maintained in future also. In order to ensure that the real sector of GCC is growing at a rapid pace in coming years also, it is essential to manage the ongoing and upcoming investment projects in this sector very efficiently so that these projects could deliver desirable output. As far as project management in construction sector is concerned, it is not an easy task to perform by the project managers. This is because investments in construction sectors are exposed to a large set of risks. Hence, in order to ensure efficient management of the investment projects, it is first necessary to conduct efficient management of the risks associated with real estate projects. Project management is generally considered to be a complicated task which requires an efficient combination of knowledge, appropriate techniques and skills to be applied to the project related activities so that the expectations and demands of the shareholders from a particular project can be met adequately. Project risk management is a very crucial part of project management. In case of managing project risk efficiently, managers are required to identify and analyze various sorts of risks associated

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History of Psycology Essay Before psychology there was philosophy. Descartes was around during the end of the Renaissance and in the era of revolutionary developments in science. Born in 1596 to a French lawyer, Descartes could understand more than most. When he was in his late 20’s, he resembled more of a scientist than a philosopher since he had studied physics, optics, geometry as well as physiology. The first to discover that lenses in one’s eyes are inverted by removing an ox’s eye, Descartes also believed in truth and was an active rationalist, meaning he believed the truth would emerge by careful use of reason and it became his modus operandi. This way to truth was also through the human capacity to reason. He created four rules he used to arrive at truth. He also was the best-known example of a dualist, giving way to accepting a clear partition between mind or soul and body. He believed that the body was like a well-oiled machine and the mind could have a direct influence on it. John Locke followed Descartes in 1632. He wanted to take epistemology, the study of human knowledge and obtaining it, to a more experimental based group of discipline. Locke spurned the idea of innate ideas, only â€Å"faculties†. Some ideas appeared so early in life that they used to believe they were innate but Locke declared that all of our knowledge was derived from experiences. Locke stated that the mind was like a white sheet of paper, blank but able to become something great. Experiences add to the paper by sensations and reflections. George Berkeley was another philosopher born in 1685. His work on vision was the first example of how empiricist thinking could be applied to the study of perception. Lastly there is David Hume. He built his knowledge around the base premise that all of our understanding is rooted in experience, or impressions vs.ideas. Impressions are basic sensations experienced daily such as feeling pain, seeing yellow or tasting saltiness. Ideas are faint copies of impressions but are not as vivid. Hume also offered three laws of association: resemblance, contiguity, and cause/effect. Resemblance meaning the look of one object can bring back memories or ideas of another item. Contiguity means intertwining two things together such as the smell of oranges and the west coast. The greatest of the laws is the law of cause/effect. If one idea causes another idea or memory, the cause reminds you of the effect i.e. burning your hand on the stove while making muffins. When seeing the scar, the memory of muffins will reappear. Hume also suggested that to conclude that A causes B, one must know 1. When A occurs, B must occur regularly, 2. A occurs before B, and 3. B doesn’t occur without being preceded by A. In the 19th century, psychology shifted from being philosophically based to being more scientific. Scientists and physiologists tried to show the world the reasons behind psychology were in fact based on the senses and the nervous system. One example is the Bell-Magendie law. Both Sir Charles Bell and Francois Magendie both were studying the roots of the postierior and anterior roots of the spinal cord and their functions. Bell was credited with the law because his research was published earlier, though limited, and Bell did not conduct an experiment like Magendie did on puppies. They discovered that the posterior roots control sensation where there is movement still but no sensation. Magendie then severed the anterior root in another animal and the limb was flaccid and unable to move though it still had sensation. To conclude, the science of psychology has always been a changing domain from philosophy to the sciences. It will continue to grow and develop as the world changes and shifts. Descartes started the ball rolling by studying optics and how to arrive at the truth with his four laws. Locke showed the world that it is nurture vs. nature that shapes a person. Hume gave us the three laws of association. In the 19th century psychology developed to include sciences. All of these philosophers and scientists shaped the psychology field to what it is today.